Water scarcity represents a significant challenge to sustainable development, particularly in semi-arid regions such as the Bari region of Puntland State, Somalia. This study leverages Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to comprehensively analyse the factors contributing to water scarcity within this area. By integrating diverse environmental and hydrological datasets, including well depth, pH levels, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, land cover, aquifer types, and historical drought occurrences, this research unveils the multifaceted nature of water scarcity in the region. The findings indicate that the Bari region hosts diverse aquifer systems with variable productivity, highlighting the necessity for differentiated water extraction policies to ensure sustainability. Historical drought data underscore the exacerbating impact of drought on water quality, emphasising the need for conservation strategies and development of drought-resistant water sources. Spatial analysis reveals a salinity concentration gradient, suggesting over-extraction of groundwater and potential saline intrusion, which could compromise water quality for potable and agricultural use.