Background: Anemia is a significant public health concern among school-aged children, with iron deficiency being the most common cause. Since childhood is a crucial period for cognitive development, anemia may negatively affect memory, attention, and overall learning abilities. This study investigates the prevalence of anemia in school-aged children and its impact on cognitive function. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Muhammad College of Medicine from February 2023 to February 2024, involving 91 children aged 6 to 15 years. Data collection included demographic details, biochemical and hematological assessments, and cognitive function tests. Hemoglobin levels and iron-related biomarkers were measured, while cognitive performance was evaluated using standardized memory, attention, and IQ tests. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of anemia among the study participants was notable, with lower hemoglobin levels significantly associated with impaired cognitive performance. Anemic children scored lower in memory and attention tests compared to their non anemic peers. Hematological findings revealed microcytic, hypochromic anemia in most cases, consistent with iron deficiency. Serum ferritin and iron levels were significantly lower in anemic children, while total iron-binding capacity was elevated. Cognitive function scores, including IQ and academic performance, were significantly lower in the anemic group, highlighting the potential long-term impact of anemia on learning and intellectual development. Conclusion: The findings suggest that anemia adversely affects cognitive function in school-aged children, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention. Addressing anemia through improved nutrition and healthcare strategies could enhance both cognitive performance and academic achievement. Public health efforts should focus on dietary education, iron supplementation programs, and early screening to reduce the burden of anemia and its associated cognitive deficits.