This study investigates the interplay between obesity, metabolic syndrome (Metabolic syndrome), and kidney function, leveraging a cross-sectional design to address gaps in existing literature. With the increasing global prevalence of obesity and Metabolic syndrome, their potential implications for renal health remain underexplored, particularly in diverse populations. This study included 500 participants aged 18–65 years, stratified into obese, Metabolic syndrome, and control groups, and analyzed kidney function through estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria. Using multivariable regression models adjusted for confounders, the results demonstrated statistically significant associations between reduced eGFR and both obesity (p < 0.001) and Metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001). Additionally, albuminuria prevalence was markedly higher in individuals with Metabolic syndrome compared to controls (p = 0.002), indicating early renal damage. These findings underscore the potential of obesity and Metabolic syndrome as independent risk factors for impaired renal function. The study highlights the importance of integrating renal assessments into routine clinical evaluations of at-risk populations to mitigate progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). By elucidating novel correlations and providing statistically robust evidence, this research contributes to the understanding of kidney health in metabolic disorders.