Volume 6 | Issue -14
Volume 6 | Issue -14
Volume 6 | Issue -14
Volume 6 | Issue -14
Volume 6 | Issue -14
Objective: This study investigates the effects of phosphorus levels (55-70 kgha-1) and liquid biofertilizers (PSB and VAM) on the growth, yield, and economics of black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods: The field experiments employed a randomized block design with 12 treatments, each replicated three times. Growth parameters and yield attributes were evaluated, and statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA. Additionally, a comparative study of pre- and post-harvest data was performed using heat map clustering. Results: Phosphorus at 65 kgha-1 (P3) significantly improved plant height, dry weight, tiller number, and yield attributes. The combination of PSB + VAM (B3) resulted in the highest growth and yield, with treatment T9 (PSB + VAM + 65 kgha-1 phosphorus) showing superior performance in tiller number, grain yield, test weight, and economic returns. Conclusions: Optimizing phosphorus levels and integrating PSB + VAM biofertilizers enhance black wheat productivity and economic profitability. Treatment T9 emerged as the most effective strategy, emphasizing the importance of nutrient management for sustainable crop cultivation.