This study investigates the roles of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on their microscopic anatomy and interactions. Utilizing confocal microscopy and staining techniques, we analyzed GFAP expression in astrocytes, myelin sheath integrity in oligodendrocytes, and microglial activation patterns in neurodegenerative and demyelinating models. We found significantly increased GFAP fluorescence in astrocytes, indicating reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation. Myelin sheaths were markedly disrupted in multiple sclerosis models, correlating with impaired neuronal function. Additionally, neuroinflammatory stimuli led to increased microglial branching and altered activation patterns, suggesting adaptive but potentially maladaptive responses. Our findings reveal that astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia each play crucial roles in neurodegeneration, with their interactions driving disease progression. These insights highlight potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches in understanding and treating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders