This study aimed to investigate the relationship between brain morphology and cognitive function across various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Utilizing a crosssectional design, we analyzed high-resolution MRI scans to measure cortical thickness, surface area, and brain volume, correlating these metrics with cognitive performance and disorder severity. Our findings reveal distinct patterns of morphological changes linked to cognitive deficits and disorder progression: Alzheimer’s disease showed progressive hippocampal atrophy and reduced cortical thickness with severity, while Parkinson's disease exhibited increased basal ganglia volume. Schizophrenia demonstrated reductions in cortical thickness and surface area. We also observed that age significantly influences these structural changes, although the impact of sex and educational background was less pronounced. These results suggest that specific brain morphology biomarkers can aid in diagnosing and understanding neurological disorders, with implications for personalized treatment approaches and early intervention. Future research should explore longitudinal changes and incorporate diverse populations to enhance generalizability.