Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. In recent years, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have emerged as promising candidates for cancer therapy due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This abstract provides a concise overview of the current approaches and developments in utilizing MONPs for cancer treatment. There are many synthesis methods employed to engineer MONPs with tailored size, shape, and surface properties. Various metal oxides, such as iron oxide (Fe3O4), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and others, are discussed in the context of their fabrication and modification for optimal therapeutic outcomes. In diagnosis and imaging, MONPs plays important role. With their inherent magnetic, optical, and photo acoustic properties, MONPs serve as contrast agents for various imaging modalities, enabling early detection and precise monitoring of tumour progression. In current scenario, lot of therapeutic mechanisms of MONPs, emphasizing their potential as drug delivery vehicles, photo thermal agents, and radio sensitizers are present. The ability of MONPs to encapsulate and deliver chemotherapeutic agents selectively to cancer cells enhances treatment efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Additionally, their photo thermal and radio sensitizing properties enable synergistic combination therapies for improved outcomes. Finally, the abstract concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the challenges and future directions in the field of metal oxide nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Ongoing efforts to optimize MONPs for clinical translation, overcome hurdles related to scalability, and enhance our understanding of their in vivo behaviour are highlighted.