The evolution of India's prison system from pre-independence punitive measures to postindependence rehabilitation efforts reflects a dynamic shift in criminal justice philosophy. Initially influenced by colonial regulations that emphasized deterrence, India’s postindependence era saw a transformative approach that recognized the humanitarian needs of prisoners. The nation's journey through various reforms showcases a commitment to transforming prisons from mere facilities of punishment to institutions that focus on rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates into society.1 This article examines the significant milestones in prison reforms in India from the 19th century to modern-day policies, particularly highlighting the changes initiated after India gained independence in 1947.2Historically, societies have used prisons as a means to punish offenders, a practice that traces back to ancient times. Originally, it was believed that strict isolation and punitive measures would reform offenders. However, experiences have shown that imprisonment often had the opposite effect, leading to further criminal behaviour rather than reform. As behavioural sciences advanced, it became clear that mere detention is insufficient for the reformation of offenders.