Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are members of the Mycobacterium genus that are known for their acid-fast characteristics with thick lipid-rich cell walls. NTM cause infections in various sites, but pulmonary diseases are the most common manifestation in an immunocompetent individual. The prevalence of NTM-PD is not notifiable disease in many countries including Asia, Europe, and most of US. NTM is the most frequent cause of pulmonary disease in immunocompromised individuals. Infections caused by NTM have been classified into 4 clinical syndromes by IDSA namely pulmonary infections, lymphadenopathy, skin and soft tissue infections, and disseminated disease. Most clinical isolates are resistant to an extensive spectrum of antimycobacterial drugs in vitro, necessitating the use of many antibiotics in combination to treat these infections. We reviewed the literature on NTM -PD, including its microbiology, laboratory identification, environmental sources, transmission channels, risk factors, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment options, and management challenges.