Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as potent therapeutic agents against a wide range of infectious diseases, offering a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics in the face of rising antimicrobial resistance. AMPs, which are integral components of the innate immune system, exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites through mechanisms distinct from those of conventional antibiotics. This review explores the history and discovery of AMPs, elucidates their mechanisms of action, and classifies them based on their sources, structures, and functions. The therapeutic applications of AMPs are highlighted, showcasing their efficacy in treating various infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The advantages of AMPs, such as their rapid action, low propensity for resistance development, immunomodulatory properties, and synergistic effects with other antimicrobials, are discussed in detail. However, challenges such as stability, potential toxicity, delivery methods, and production costs are identified as obstacles that need to be addressed. Current clinical trials and research advancements are reviewed, emphasizing the ongoing efforts to overcome these limitations. Finally, future directions and innovations in AMP research, including novel design strategies, advanced delivery systems, and personalized medicine approaches, are considered. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of AMPs to revolutionize the treatment of infectious diseases and highlights the necessity for continued research and development in this field