Background: A root canal system is not a single canal that runs uniformly from orifice to apex, but rather a complex system that splits and joins canals along the way to the apex. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the root and canal morphology of maxillary premolars using CBCT in Central Indian population and two classification methods. Materials and Methods: one thousand CBCT scans of patients, aged 14 years or above, were analyzed in the study. The root morphology and canal configuration of maxillary premolars using CBCT in Central Indian population based on Vertucci’s and Ahmed’s classification system. Results: Maxillary 1st premolars predominantly exhibited two roots (87.8%). Furcation was most often in the coronal third (83.3%).Vertucci’s classification revealed Type IV (66.7%) as the most common canal configuration. In maxillary 2nd premolars, single roots were most prevalent (66.9%), furcation occurred mostly in the coronal third (82.7%).Vertucci classification indicated Type I (60.2%) as the primary canal configuration. Ahmed’s classification for maxillary 1st premolars showed 2TN B1P1 (26.7%) as the most prevalent canal configuration in two-rooted cases, while 1TN1 (7.2%) was common in single-rooted premolars. Triple-rooted premolars displayed 3TN B1DB1P1-2 (2.2%). For maxillary 2nd premolars, 1TN1 (18.4%) dominated in single-rooted, and 2TN B1P1 (15.0%) was prevalent in double-rooted configurations. Triple-rooted premolars were mostly 3TN MB1DB1P1 (1.5%). Conclusion: From the present study, it may be concluded that, among the Central Indian population, Ahmed’s classification is more detailed classification which is capable of accurately depicting the tooth number, number of roots and their configuration and root canal configuration describing its course from the orifice, through the canal upto the apical foramen.