Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by systemic inflammation and vascular dysfunction, placing patients at increased risk for cerebrovascular disease (CVD), including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the burden of CVD in SLE patients, identify associated risk factors, and assess the prevalence across subgroups. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 2014 to 2025. Ten studies met inclusion criteria, incorporating diverse designs (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and populations. Random-effects meta-analytic models accounted for heterogeneity (I² = 35–62%). Subgroup analysis indicated age and disease severity as modifiers of CVD risk. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of effect estimates. Results The pooled data revealed a significantly increased risk of CVD in SLE patients, particularly among women aged 36–50 years and those with severe disease. These findings emphasize that SLE independently elevates cerebrovascular risk beyond traditional factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Conclusion The review underscores the need for vigilant cerebrovascular screening in SLE patients, especially early after diagnosis. Proactive, interdisciplinary management integrating rheumatology, neurology, and cardiovascular care is essential to mitigate long-term complications. This synthesis informs clinicians and researchers about high-risk profiles and promotes early preventive interventions.