Background: Visual acuity and color vision are crucial aspects of vision, impacting individuals' ability to perceive details and discern colors accurately. Understanding the prevalence of impairments in these areas among urban and rural school-going children is vital for addressing potential academic and social development implications. Aim: This study aims to assess the prevalence of visual acuity, color vision, and refractive index impairments among urban and rural school children in Pune District, Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three urban and four rural areas of Pune District, selecting a total of 900 school children, with 450 from each area. Visual acuity was assessed using Snellen's chart, and color vision was evaluated using the Ishihara color vision test. Data analysis utilized logMAR values. Results: Demographic analysis revealed a majority of 16.6% of school children aged 9 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.16. Myopia was observed in 215 participants, with a statistically significant difference between urban (94.8%) and rural (70.7%) areas. Hypermetropia was present in 50 participants, with significantly higher prevalence in rural areas (29.3%) compared to urban areas (5.2%). Conclusion: Early detection of visual impairments is crucial for timely intervention to prevent deterioration of visual function. Schools and parents should prioritize regular eye check-ups to ensure optimal vision health in children. The high prevalence of visual impairments and color vision deficiencies among school-age children underscores the importance of addressing these issues to mitigate potential impacts on academic success and self-esteem.