Background: In the evolving landscape of dentistry, a comprehensive retrospective CBCT analysis of enamel and dentin thickness in the first molar provides essential insights into demographic correlations, refining treatment precision, and addressing the multifaceted nature of dental anatomy. Aim: To explore potential correlations between enamel and dentin thickness and demographic factors. Methodology: The current retrospective study at Qassim University analysed CBCT scans of 400 participants aged 18-40, focusing on first molar teeth. Data, including enamel and dentin thickness, were systematically extracted and analysed using SPSS version 21.0, applying descriptive statistics, Chi-square and ANOVA tests for demographic relationships. Ethical standards were maintained, ensuring reliable measurements and statistical robustness. Results: The study findings revealed a balanced gender distribution (56% females), with the majority in the 26-35 age group. Tooth number 26 exhibited the highest frequency (33%). Enamel thickness varied across tooth numbers, and significant gender and age-related differences were observed, emphasizing the dynamic nature of dental anatomy. Conclusion: The study findings underscore the need for gender-tailored treatment considerations, highlighting significant variations in enamel and dentin thickness across different age groups.