Researchers and academics are increasingly focusing on natural fibers for their ecofriendly and sustainable qualities, particularly in the realm of polymer composites. The review manuscript aims to cite a thorough overview of the optimal and extensively developed natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) along with their utilization. Additionally, it offers an overview of different surface modifications on natural fibers and their impact on NFPC properties. The characteristics of NFPCs exhibit variations based on attributes such as type of fiber, source, and structure. The review delves into the nature of chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal attributed of natural fiber-fortified thermosetting and thermoplastic composites. The primary discovery indicates that treating natural fibers chemically enhances the bond between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix. This enhancement ultimately results in improved physico-mechanical and thermochemical characteristics of NFPCs.