Mosquitoes are blood-sucking flying arthropods, known for their critical role as vectors of several infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, malaria, and lymphatic filariasis. Understanding the entomological fauna in a given area is not only essential for defining potential health risks but also to plan and assess mosquito control actions. Our study aimed to identify mosquito larvae species in the province of Setif in Algeria, and also to examine some physical parameters of their breeding sites. Surveys were carried out over a 19-month period (May 2022—November 2023), the larval stages of the mosquitoes were sampled using the dipping technique and the physical parameters (Type and nature of larval habitat, type and situation of water, status of vegetation and sunlight) of the breeding sites were measured. Collected larvae were then morphologically identified using reference identification keys. In total, 4098 mosquito larvae were collected and further identified and distributed among four genera: Culex (76.61%), Anopheles (6.71%), Culiseta (16.42%), and Uranotaenia (0.24%). Twelve species of Culicidae were identified, with Cx. pipiens (69.42%) and Cs. longiareolata (16.37%) being the most abundant. The abundance of the inventoried species was influenced by the physical nature of breeding sites as well as climatic factors, including rainfall and temperature. The highest number of larvae was collected from natural habitats (70.79%), including grasslands, river edges, and ponds, with permanent and turbid water, vegetation out of water, and in sunny conditions. River edge for Cs. longiareolata and An. maculipennis s.l. and, ponds for Cx. pipiens were the main larval habitats in the province. The present study sheds light on the entomological diversity of the Culicidae fauna in the study area. This result will aid in directing the fight against mosquito vectors, taking into consideration existing species and various types of breeding sites.