Anthocyanins are polyphenolic compounds responsible for the different colors observed in nature. It has a significant number of health benefits and has been used traditionally for different ailments. Anthocyanins, primarily owing to their capacity to lower free radicals, reactive species, COX and MAPK pathways, and pro-inflammatory indicators, can reduce oxidative stress, prevent the onset of inflammatory processes, and preserve human organs and cell components from harm, providing protection at several levels. Studies suggested the benefit of anthocyanins as an anticancer, antiobesity, cardiovascular disease, visual health, and prevention of neurogenerative disorders over the years. Therefore, this review intends to discuss the research progress of anthocyanins, their various pharmacological mechanisms of action, and an emphasis on their chemistry and dietary sources.