Background: The genus Myxobolus encompasses a diverse group of myxozoan parasites that represent significant threats to the health of freshwater fish populations, impacting both biodiversity and aquaculture productivity. These parasites are known to induce a range of pathological conditions, including gill infections, which can impair respiratory function in infected fish. Despite the increasing concern over myxozoan parasites, the diversity of Myxobolus species, particularly within African freshwater systems, remains poorly characterized. Methods: Specimens of Labeobarbus habereri were collected from the Moliwè River, Cameroon. Parasitological examination included gross morphological assessment, histopathological analysis, and light microscopy to characterize the cysts and myxospores. Molecular identification was conducted through sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA). Results: Infected fish exhibited large, whitish cysts (1.9–2.5 mm in length, 60 1400 µm in width) located on the gill filaments. The mature myxospores were ovoid (8.7 ± 0.1 µm in length, 7.0 ± 0.08 µm in width), with two equal, apically oriented polar capsules measuring 4.4 (3.5-5.0) µm in length and 2.4 (1.8-3.1) in width. Molecular identification, based on SSU rDNA sequencing, confirmed Myxobolus moliwensis sp. nov. as novel species. Phylogenetic analysis positioned M. moliwensis sp. nov. within a sub-clade of gill-infecting Myxobolus species, showing a close phylogenetic relationship to M. anatolicus and M. tambroides. Conclusion: The identification of Myxobolus moliwensis sp. nov. significantly enhances our understanding of myxozoan diversity in African freshwater ecosystems. This study highlights the value of integrating both morphological and molecular approaches for accurate species identification and offers important contributions to the taxonomy of fish parasites, particularly within freshwater environments