This comprehensive study investigates the intricate dynamics of land use in the Saharan region of Oued Righ over the period from 1990 to 2021. By employing high-resolution satellite data and advanced geospatial analysis techniques, our meticulous research uncovers subtle yet significant territorial changes. Particularly noteworthy are the substantial shifts observed in urban areas, where severe limitations in water resources present formidable challenges to urban expansion policies and sustainable development. In contrast, the agricultural sector, although occupying a relatively small portion of the total land area, demonstrates remarkable transformations. These changes reflect adaptive responses to a combination of environmental pressures, such as persistent aridity and soil salinity, and economic factors, including fluctuating market demands and strategic resource allocation. The findings, rooted in a robust and methodologically sound framework, highlight the critical need for context-specific strategies to ensure the sustainable management of this unique and fragile environment.