This study analyzes the population of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in Algeria’s northeastern coastal region. Between February 2023 and January 2024, 799 fish specimens were collected monthly from commercial landings, exhibiting a total length (TL) ranging from 6.4 to 30.5 cm and a total weight (TW) between 2.65 and 232.03 g. The findings, using FiSAT II software, indicate that T. trachurus can survive for up to 5 years in the Gulf of Annaba. The growth parameters are L∞ = 32.60 cm, K = 0.37 yr⁻¹, t₀ = -0.152 yr, and ɸ' = 2.59. The “b” value (3.045) in the length-weight relationship indicates isometric growth. On the first capture, the length (Lc50) was 7.63 cm. The total (Z), natural (M), and fishing (F) mortalities were assessed at 1.61, 0.37, and 1.24 yr⁻¹, respectively. The exploitation rate (E), calculated at 0.77, surpasses the optimal rate (0.5), indicating overexploitation. Analysis of relative yield per recruit (Y'/R) indicates that the exploitation rate exceeds Emax (0.41) and E0.5 (0.30), thereby confirming overfishing. To ensure sustainable and rational management of this species, it is advised to decrease the exploitation rate from 0.77 to 0.30, representing a 61% reduction.