steoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, subchondral bone changes, and synovial inflammation, leading to joint pain, stiffness, and functional impairment. It is the most common form of arthritis, primarily affecting the elderly, and commonly involves the knees, hips, hands, and spine. Clinical manifestations of OA typically begin insidiously and progress gradually. The hallmark symptom is joint pain, exacerbated by activity and relieved by rest. Pain is often described as a deep, aching sensation, and may be accompanied by stiffness, particularly after periods of inactivity or upon waking, lasting less than 30 minutes. As the disease advances, pain can become more persistent, occurring even at rest or during the night. Joint stiffness and a limited range of motion are common, contributing to functional limitations and disability. Patients may also experience joint swelling due to synovial inflammation and effusion. Crepitus, a crackling or grating sound or sensation, is often reported during joint movement. In advanced cases, joint deformities and instability can occur, leading to increased risk of falls and further joint damage.