Background: Oral diseases are a significant global health burden, with systemic health implications. Emerging biomarker research provides avenues for early diagnosis and personalized therapies. Objective: To review recent advancements in biomarker applications for oral disease management, emphasizing diagnostic, therapeutic, and regenerative strategies. Methods: A non-systematic review was conducted using PubMed with terms like “oral diseases,” “biomarkers,” and “treatment advancements.” Only peer-reviewed studies from the last decade in English were included. Results: Salivary biomarkers, such as IL-6, VEGF, TNF-α, MMP-9, LDH, and PGE2, along with specific microRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-31, miR 125b, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-200c), provide non-invasive diagnostic tools for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Microbiome analysis highlights the role of pathogenic bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Treponema denticola, in disease progression. Beneficial microbes like Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus species are associated with oral health. Regenerative dentistry innovations include stem cell therapies using dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells, combined with bioactive scaffolds enriched with BMPs, FGFs, PDGFs, VEGF, TGF-β, and IGF, facilitating tissue repair. Conclusion: Biomarker-driven strategies hold promise for early diagnosis, personalized treatments, and improved outcomes in oral health. Further research should focus on clinical validation and implementation.