Chromium is widely used in leather industries and can accumulate in animal bodies, adversely affecting various bodily structures, includes reproductive organs. Kasur District in Pakistan is renowned for its leather tanneries, with over 270 individual tanneries currently operating. Water samples were collected from areas affected by tannery effluents and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Additionally, health department data on patients from selected union councils were gathered to examine diseases linked to chromium toxicity. The analysis revealed significantly increased concentration of chromium in water samples compared to control samples, posing a potential threat to local organisms. The USEPA sets permissible limits for industrial wastewater discharge at less than 0.5 μg/ml and for drinking water at 0.1 μg/ml. However, untreated chromium from tanning activities is discharged directly into the environment, contaminating adjacent water channels and the habitat. Consequently, groundwater becomes polluted, impacting public health as chromium is ingested through drinking water and the food chain. Various diseases were observed among residents in nearby areas. In conclusion, chromium discharged from tanneries into the Kasur environment contaminates water and crops consumed by humans, leading to diseases such as kidney, bone, and gastrointestinal disorders.