Background: Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which can trigger the activation of signaling pathways that support cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. The aim of this study is to systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis to analyze the association between obesity and ovarian cancer based on literatures in the last 10 years. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines using the PICO framework. Rigorous screening, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and statistical analysis were performed to investigate the association between obesity and ovarian cancer. Results: A total of 50 articles were retrieved from online databases (PubMed, SagePub, Nature and Cochrane). After three rounds of screening, seven articles directly relevant to the meta-analysis were selected for full-text reading and analysis. The overall analysis reveals a statistically significant association between obesity and ovarian cancer, with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.13 (95% CI: 1.07–1.19). Conclusion: Obesity increases the risk of ovarian cancer, worsens survival, and reduces treatment effectiveness. Its impact is driven by hormonal imbalances, chronic inflammation, and altered cellular pathways. Future research should focus on addressing treatment challenges, prevention, and improving quality of life.