Bioremediation represents a sustainable and effective strategy for mitigating environmental pollution by harnessing the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms. This review explores the history and evolution of bioremediation, delves into the mechanisms and types of bioremediation, and examines the role of various microorganisms in these processes. Techniques and approaches for bioremediation, such as in situ and ex situ methods, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation, are discussed in detail. The review also covers the factors influencing bioremediation efficiency, applications in diverse environments, and notable case studies. Additionally, the challenges and limitations of bioremediation are analyzed, alongside recent advances and future research directions. This comprehensive overview aims to highlight the potential and current status of bioremediation in environmental cleanup