Biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture, significantly enhancing crop yield and sustainability. This review explores the historical evolution of biotechnological applications in agriculture, focusing on genetic engineering, marker-assisted selection, and tissue culture techniques. By increasing resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses, biotechnological interventions have resulted in higher yields and more resilient crops. Additionally, these advancements contribute to sustainability by reducing the need for chemical inputs, promoting soil health, and improving water use efficiency. Case studies highlight the successful implementation of biotechnology in various regions, demonstrating economic benefits and socio-economic challenges. Regulatory and ethical considerations are also discussed, addressing the complex landscape of agricultural biotechnology governance. Despite challenges such as technical limitations and public skepticism, emerging technologies and future innovations promise to further enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. This review concludes by emphasizing the transformative impact of biotechnology on agriculture and recommending continued research and supportive policies to fully realize its potential.