The crown of the tooth is coated in dental enamel, the toughest substance in the human body and is made up of many trace elements and small inorganic substances in various amounts. It is still early to determine how crucial trace elements are to preventing and reducing tooth caries. Aim: The present in vitro study aimed to investigate and compare some trace element concentrations (Ba, Sr, Ni, and Ti) in carious and sound enamel of permanent and primary teeth. Methodology: This study investigates and compares some trace element concentrations (Ba, Sr, Ni, and Ti) in the sound and carious enamel of primary and permanent teeth. A total of 50 primary teeth and 75 permanent teeth. The specimens were allocated into four groups: Group A: 25 sound primary teeth. Group B: 25 carious primary teeth. Group C: 25 sound permanent teeth. Group D: 25 carious permanent teeth. Sample preparation and wet ashing were undertaken, and finally, sample analysis was carried out by three analytical techniques: (XRF), (AAS) and (ICP-MS). Results: there was a remarkable variance between the groups regarding Ba, Sr, and Ti mass% (P <0.01). There was a substantial difference between the groups regarding Ba, Sr, and Ti concentration (P <0.01). Conclusion: (Sr) was higher in sound permanent teeth than in sound primary teeth and more in all carious groups. Also (Ba) was higher in carious teeth therefore (Ba) was positively associated with caries. (Ti) are positively associated with caries