Food allergies and sensitivities are growing public health concerns, impacting millions globally. This research delves into the immunological mechanisms underlying common food allergens, such as peanuts, shellfish, and dairy, to enhance understanding and management. By exploring the roles of IgE antibodies, mast cells, and T-cells in allergic reactions, we identify critical pathways that trigger adverse responses. This study also reviews current diagnostic methods, including skin prick tests and serum-specific IgE testing, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we examine emerging diagnostic technologies and potential therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy and biologics, aiming to improve patient outcomes. Our findings underscore the need for personalized management plans and increased awareness among healthcare providers and patients. By advancing our knowledge of food allergen immunology, this research contributes to the development of more effective diagnosis and treatment protocols, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for those affected by food allergies and sensitivities