The Pigeonpea–Wheat cropping system is a sustainable agricultural approach involving sequential cultivation of pigeon pea and wheat in the same field, capitalizing on their complementary growth patterns. This system efficiently utilizes land, enhancing overall productivity. Pigeon pea enriches soil with nitrogen, benefiting subsequent wheat crops. A comprehensive two-year investigation explored growth parameters and yields under different tillage and fertility practices. Findings highlight the impact of residue incorporation on plant height, dry matter accumulation, and leaf area index in both crops. Notably, residue management significantly influences pigeon pea 1000-seed weight, emphasizing its role in optimizing seed quality. Fertility practices affect pod/plant ratio, seeds/pod, and 1000-seed weight, with higher fertility levels promoting pod development and seed weight. The study also examines the impact of tillage and fertility on seed, straw, biological yields, and harvest index, revealing consistent yield enhancements with residue incorporation. The research underscores the intricate interactions between tillage and fertility practices, offering insights to optimize agricultural approaches for increased crop sustainability and productivity.