Cellular hyperplasia, tissue edema, and vascular congestion are the main contributors to hypertrophied inferior turbinate, but bony enlargement can also be a contributing factor. Bilateral turbinate enlargement is caused by nasal inflammation as a result of allergic (the most common) and non-allergic rhinitis, other environmental triggers, such as dust and tobacco, medical causes, rhinitis medicamentosa, vasomotor rhinitis and hormones. Also any medications a patient takes that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system can also affect the turbinate mucosa and cause congestion. Female hormones, specifically progesterone, may have a similar effect; therefore, congestion can frequently be experienced during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle and the third trimester of pregnancy. Some female hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives that have a higher concentration of progesterone may have similar effects. Condensation rhinitis is well known to snow skiers and is due to the reaction of the nasal membranes to the colder outside environment. Rhinitis of disuse occurs in patients who no longer use their noses for airflow (eg, patients who have undergone laryngectomy) the pathophysiology is rebound inflammation due to a lack of feedback from the normal nasal airflow. The most efficient drugs available for reducing congestion of the turbinate mucosa are nasal decongestants. Topical sprays, oxymetazoline and phenylephrine, α-agonists are extremely powerful, and prolonged use can cause rebound congestion. Use of oral decongestants help to resolve the problem, pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are two common formulae of oral decongestants. However, their side effects are elevation of blood pressure in hypertensive patients and urinary retention in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy also, prolonged use of oral decongestants may lead to tolerance and ineffectiveness. Many different techniques are now available when medical treatment fails to control inferior turbinate hypertrophy such as turbinectomy (total, partial), turbinoplasty [out fracture, sub-mucous resection (SMR), microdebrider], lasers (carbon dioxide, neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet, potassium titanyl phosphate, diode, argon plasma), thermal techniques [electrocautery bipolar technique, cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation (RFA)].