A comprehensive examination of Indian river systems reveals extensive contamination from both organic and inorganic pollutants, with the Godavari River serving as a notable example. This pollution has substantially modified the water's properties, consequently affecting aquatic ecosystems. The present study aims to provide a thorough overview of phytoplankton communities within the river. Phytoplankton, which are microscopic autotrophic organisms, serve a vital function in aquatic food webs and are responsible for producing approximately half of the Earth's atmospheric oxygen. This research primarily focuses on evaluating phytoplankton diversity within the designated study area, For the purpose of sampling, two locations within the Jalna district, namely Shahagad and Gondi, were specifically selected. Phytoplankton sampling was conducted monthly from June 2018 to May 2019. The study revealed that the species encountered belong to four classes of Phytoplankton: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. In this investigation, 14 species of phytoplankton were recorded; of which 6 species belong to Chlorophyceae, 2 species to Cyanophyceae, 4 species to Bacillariophyceae, and 2 species to Euglenophyceae. The population density of these phytoplankton exhibited variation in response to seasonal changes, attributable to their adaptability to such environmental fluctuations. This study demonstrates a seasonal abundance of phytoplankton with a percent composition of different phytoplankton at sampling stations of the Godavari River.