The field of dental biomaterials has significantly evolved, introducing advanced materials that enhance clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. This review explores the historical perspective, types, recent advancements, clinical applications, biocompatibility, safety concerns, challenges, and future directions of dental biomaterials. Historically, materials such as gold and amalgam laid the groundwork for modern dental materials, which now include metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Recent innovations in nanotechnology, bioactive materials, and smart materials have led to improved strength, aesthetics, and biological compatibility. These advancements have expanded the clinical applications of dental biomaterials across restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, and periodontics. Ensuring biocompatibility and safety through rigorous testing and regulatory standards is critical. Despite the progress, challenges such as material degradation, cost-effectiveness, and technical application remain. Future directions point towards regenerative biomaterials, 3D printing, and interdisciplinary research, which hold promise for further enhancing dental treatments. By embracing these advancements, the dental profession can continue to provide high-quality, effective, and personalized care.