This study examines the reproductive biology of drones in Apis mellifera colonies, focusing on spermatozoa presence and mucus gland activity during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Drones, essential for fertilizing virgin queens, have a reproductive system including testes, seminal vesicles, mucus glands, and an endophallus, which are affected by environmental factors, age, diet, and diseases. The current research was conducted in Azeffoun, Algeria, from March to June and in October 2018. The investigation consisted to analyze the presence of spermatozoa in seminal vesicles and the secretory activity in mucus glands according to breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results showed the presence of spermatozoa in 62.78% of the seminal vesicles, with higher rates during the breeding season. Drones from hives with two-year-old queens and larger colonies exhibited greater sperm production. Mucus gland activity was observed in 96.51% of drones, with secretion rates between 92.86% and 100% according to the seasons. Sperm production peaked between March and June and declined significantly in October. Despite reduced sperm production in the non-breeding season, the presence of drones allows beekeepers to initiate queen rearing, ensuring colony survival through winter. This study highlights the critical role of drone reproduction in maintaining honeybee colony health and sustainability.