A xenobiotic is a synthetic foreign substance present in a living being that is not commonly created or exhibits within the body as chemical concoctions that are unfamiliar to the biosphere. Natural compounds can be converted intoxenobioticswhenthey are taken up by another life form. Xenobiotic would be made in a way that they would not be dismissed by the safe system.Due to continuous accumulation of recalcitrant xenobiotic compounds into the ecosystem released from various sources caused a serious global concern. Xenobiotics compounds are carcinogenic, mutagenic causing teratogenic effect and persist over a long period of time in the environment. Microorganisms exhibit promising capability to degrade xenobiotics compounds by their metabolic pathways. Specific catabolic genes are found in a microorganism which are helping in horizontal gene transfer facilitated the rapid microbial transformation of xenobiotic compounds. Molecularbiology-based techniques including DNA fingerprinting, microarrays and metagenomics are used for monitoring and identification of novel bacteria involved in this degradation process. This review provides an overview of microbial degradation process of xenobiotic compounds with the modern day technology.