Piper nigrum, commonly referred to as black pepper, has long been used to cure a wide range of illnesses, such as piles, fever, dyspnea, stomachaches, worms, and coughs and colds. Black pepper's metabolites, which include phenolic chemicals, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc., are responsible for its pharmacological potential. Given the diverse applications of black pepper dried seeds, both conventional and alternative medical viewpoints have identified a number of additional positive health benefits. Black pepper's primary chemical components—carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, vitamin C, tannins, flavonoids, and carotenoids—have been identified by phytochemical investigations. Dried berries have a volatile oil concentration that varies from 0.4 to 7%. Sabinene, 3-carene, D-limonene, α-pinene, caryophyllene, β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, α-thujene, and β-bisabolene are the main components of black pepper. Furthermore, piperine is the main bioactive alkaloid found naturally in black pepper and has been linked to a number of possible medical benefits, including improved nutrient absorption and cerebral brain function. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-obesity, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, gastroprotective, and insecticidal properties are only a few of the biological functions of black pepper. The review's objectives are to go over black pepper's taxonomy, geographic range, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological characteristics.